[libreriscv.git] / openpower / sv.mdwn

[[!tag standards]]

Obligatory Dilbert:

<img src="https://assets.amuniversal.com/7fada35026ca01393d3d005056a9545d" width="600" />

Links:

* <https://bugs.libre-soc.org/show_bug.cgi?id=213>
* <https://youtu.be/ZQ5hw9AwO1U> walkthrough video (19jun2022)

**SV is in DRAFT STATUS**. SV has not yet been submitted to the OpenPOWER Foundation ISA WG for review.

===

# Scalable Vectors for the Power ISA

SV is designed as a strict RISC-paradigm
Scalable Vector ISA for Hybrid 3D CPU GPU VPU workloads.
As such it brings features normally only found in Cray Supercomputers
(Cray-1, NEC SX-Aurora)
and in GPUs, but keeps strictly to a *Simple* RISC principle of leveraging
a *Scalar* ISA, exclusively using "Prefixing". **Not one single actual
explicit Vector opcode exists in SV, at all**.  It is suitable for
low-power Embedded and DSP Workloads as much as it is for power-efficient
Supercomputing.

Fundamental design principles:

* Taking the simplicity of the RISC paradigm and applying it strictly and
  uniformly to create a Scalable Vector ISA.
* Effectively a hardware for-loop, pausing PC, issuing multiple scalar
  operations
* Preserving the underlying scalar execution dependencies as if the
  for-loop had been expanded as actual scalar instructions
  (termed "preserving Program Order")
* Augments ("tags") existing instructions, providing Vectorisation
  "context" rather than adding new instructions.
* Strictly does not interfere with or alter the non-Scalable Power ISA
  in any way
* In the Prefix space, does not modify or deviate from the underlying
  scalar Power ISA
  unless it provides significant performance or other advantage to do so
  in the Vector space (dropping the "sticky" characteristics
  of XER.SO and CR0.SO for example)
* Designed for Supercomputing: avoids creating significant sequential
  dependency hazards, allowing standard
  high performance superscalar multi-issue
  micro-architectures to be leveraged.
* Divided into Compliancy Levels to reduce cost of implementation for
  specific needs.

Advantages of these design principles:

* Simplicity of introduction and implementation on top of
  the existing Power ISA without disruption.
* It is therefore easy to create a first (and sometimes only)
  implementation as literally a for-loop in hardware, simulators, and
  compilers.
* Hardware Architects may understand and implement SV as being an
  extra pipeline stage, inserted between decode and issue, that is
  a simple for-loop issuing element-level sub-instructions.
* More complex HDL can be done by repeating existing scalar ALUs and 
  pipelines as blocks and leveraging existing Multi-Issue Infrastructure
* As (mostly) a high-level "context" that does not (significantly) deviate
  from scalar Power ISA and, in its purest form being "a for loop around
  scalar instructions", it is minimally-disruptive and consequently stands
  a reasonable chance of broad community adoption and acceptance
* Completely wipes not just SIMD opcode proliferation off the
  map (SIMD is O(N^6) opcode proliferation)
  but off of Vectorisation ISAs as well.  No more separate Vector
  instructions.

Comparative instruction count:

* ARM NEON SIMD: around 2,000 instructions, prerequisite: ARM Scalar.
* ARM SVE: around 4,000 instructions, prerequisite: NEON. 
* ARM SVE2: around 1,000 instructions, prerequisite: SVE
* Intel AVX-512: around 4,000 instructions, prerequisite AVX, AVX2,
  AVX-128 and AVX-256 which in turn critically rely on the rest of
  x86, for a grand total of well over 10,000 instructions.
* RISV-V RVV: 192 instructions, prerequisite 96 Scalar RV64GC instructions
* SVP64: **five** instructions, 24-bit prefixing of
  prerequisite SFS (150) or
  SFFS (214) Compliancy Subsets

SV comprises several [[sv/compliancy_levels]] suited to Embedded, Energy
efficient High-Performance Compute, Distributed Computing and Advanced
Computational Supercomputing.  The Compliancy Levels are arranged such
that even at the bare minimum Level, full Soft-Emulation of all
optional and future features is possible.

# Sub-pages

Pages being developed and examples

* [[sv/overview]] explaining the basics.
* [[sv/compliancy_levels]] for minimum subsets through to Advanced
  Supercomputing.
* [[sv/implementation]] implementation planning and coordination
* [[sv/svp64]] contains the packet-format *only*, the [[sv/svp64/appendix]]
  contains explanations and further details
* [[sv/svp64_quirks]] things in SVP64  that slightly break the rules
  or are not immediately apparent despite the RISC paradigm
* [[opcode_regs_deduped]] autogenerated table of SVP64 decoder augmentation
* [[sv/sprs]] SPRs
* SVP64 "Modes":
  - For condition register operations see [[sv/cr_ops]] - SVP64 Condition
    Register ops: Guidelines
    on Vectorisation of any v3.0B base operations which return
    or modify a Condition Register bit or field.
  - For LD/ST Modes, see [[sv/ldst]].
  - For Branch modes, see [[sv/branches]] - SVP64 Conditional Branch
    behaviour: All/Some Vector CRs
  - For arithmetic and logical, see [[sv/normal]]
  - [[sv/mv.vec]] pack/unpack move to and from vec2/3/4,
    actually an RM.EXTRA Mode and a [[sv/remap]] mode

Core SVP64 instructions:

* [[sv/setvl]] the Cray-style "Vector Length" instruction
* [[sv/remap]] "Remapping" for Matrix Multiply and RGB "Structure Packing"
* [[sv/svstep]] Key stepping instruction for Vertical-First Mode

*Please note: there are only five instructions in the whole of SV.
Beyond this point are additional **Scalar** instructions related to
specific workloads that have nothing to do with the SV Specification*

# Non-Simple-V Scalar instructions

**Additional Instructions for specific purposes (not SVP64)**

All of these instructions below have nothing to do with SV.
They are all entirely designed as Scalar instructions that, as
Scalar instructions, stand on their own merit. Considerable
lengths have been made to provide justifications for each of these
*Scalar* instructions.

Some of these Scalar instructions are specifically designed to make
Scalable Vector binaries more efficient, such
as the crweird group.  Others are to bring the Scalar Power ISA
up-to-date within specific workloads,
such as a Javascript Rounding instruction. None of them are strictly
necessary but performance and power consumption may be (or, is already)
compromised
in certain workloads and use-cases without them.

Vector-related:

* [[sv/mv.swizzle]] vec2/3/4 Swizzles (RGBA, XYZW) for 3D and CUDA.
  designed as a Scalar instruction.
* [[sv/vector_ops]] scalar operations needed for supporting vectors

Scalar Instructions:

* [[sv/cr_int_predication]] instructions needed for effective predication
* [[sv/bitmanip]]
* [[sv/fcvt]] FP Conversion (due to OpenPOWER Scalar FP32)
* [[sv/fclass]] detect class of FP numbers
* [[sv/int_fp_mv]] Move and convert GPR <-> FPR, needed for !VSX
* [[sv/av_opcodes]] scalar opcodes for Audio/Video
* Twin targetted instructions (two registers out, one implicit, just like
  Load-with-Update).
  Explanation of the rules for twin register targets
  (implicit RS, FRS) explained in SVP64 [[sv/svp64/appendix]]
  - [[isa/svfixedarith]]
  - [[isa/svfparith]]
  - [[sv/biginteger]] Operations that help with big arithmetic
* TODO: OpenPOWER adaptation [[openpower/transcendentals]]

# Other Scalable Vector ISAs

* Original Cray ISA
  <http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/cray/CRAY_Y-MP/HR-04001-0C_Cray_Y-MP_Computer_Systems_Functional_Description_Jun90.pdf>
* NEC SX Aurora (still in production, inspired by Cray)
  <https://www.hpc.nec/documents/guide/pdfs/Aurora_ISA_guide.pdf>
* RISC-V RVV (inspired by Cray)
  <https://github.com/riscv/riscv-v-spec>
* MRISC32 ISA Manual (under active development)
  <https://github.com/mrisc32/mrisc32/tree/master/isa-manual>
* Mitch Alsup's MyISA 66000 Vector Processor ISA Manual is available from
  Mitch on request.

A comprehensive list of 3D GPU, Packed SIMD, Predicated-SIMD and true Scalable
Vector ISAs may be found at the [[sv/vector_isa_comparison]] page.
Note: AVX-512 and SVE2 are *not strict Vector ISAs*, they are Predicated-SIMD.
*Public discussions have taken place at Conferences attended by both Intel
and ARM on adding a `setvl` instruction which would easily make both
AVX-512 and SVE2 truly "Scalable".*

# Major opcodes summary

Simple-V itself only requires four instructions with 6-bit Minor XO
(bits 26-31), and the SVP64 Prefix Encoding requires
25% space of the EXT001 Major Opcode.
There are **no** Vector Instructions and consequently **no further
opcode space is required**.

That said: for the target workloads for which Scalable Vectors are typically
used, the Scalar ISA on which SV critically relies is somewhat anaemic.
The Libre-SOC Team has therefore been addressing that by developing
a number of Scalar instructions in specialist areas (Big Integer,
Cryptography, 3D, Audio/Video, DSP) and it is these which require
considerable Scalar opcode space.

Please be advised that even though SV is entirely DRAFT status, there
is considerable concern that because there is not yet any two-way
day-to-day communication established with the OPF ISA WG, we have
no idea if any of these are conflicting with future plans by any OPF
Members.  **The External ISA WG RFC Process is yet to be ratified
and Libre-SOC may not join the OPF as an entity because it does
not exist except in name. Even if it existed it would be a conflict
of interest to join the OPF, due to our funding remit from NLnet**.
We therefore proceed on the basis of making public the intention to
submit RFCs once the External ISA WG RFC Process is in place and,
in a wholly unsatisfactory manner have to *hope and trust* that
OPF ISA WG Members are reading this and take it into consideration.

**None of these Draft opcodes are intended for private custom
secret proprietary usage. They are all intended for entirely
public, upstream, high-profile mass-volume day-to-day usage at the
same level as add, popcnt and fld**

* SVP64 requires 25% of EXT01 (bits 6 and 9 set to 1)
* bitmanip requires two major opcodes (due to 16+ bit immediates)
  those are currently EXT022 and EXT05.
* brownfield encoding in one of those two major opcodes still
  requires multiple VA-Form operations (in greater numbers
  than EXT04 has spare)
* space in EXT019 next to addpcis and crops is recommended
  (or any 5-6 bit Minor XO areas)
* many X-Form opcodes currently in EXT022 have no preference
  for a location at all, and may be moved to EXT059, EXT019,
  EXT031 or other much more suitable location.

Note that there is no Sandbox allocation in the published ISA Spec for
v3.1 EXT01 usage, and because SVP64 is already 64-bit Prefixed,
Prefixed-Prefixed-instructions (SVP64 Prefixed v3.1 Prefixed)
would become a whopping 96-bit long instruction. Avoiding this
situation is a high priority which in turn by necessity puts pressure
on the 32-bit Major Opcode space.

Note also that EXT022, the Official Architectural Sandbox area
is under severe design pressure as it is insufficient to hold
the full extent of the instruction additions required to create
a Hybrid 3D CPU-VPU-GPU.

**Whilst SVP64 is only 4 instructions
the heavy focus on VSX for the past 12 years has left the SFFS Level
anaemic and out-of-date compared to ARM and x86. Approximately
100 additional Scalar Instructions are up for proposal**

# Other

Examples experiments future ideas discussion:

* [[sv/propagation]] Context propagation including svp64, swizzle and remap
* [[sv/masked_vector_chaining]]
* [[sv/discussion]]
* [[sv/example_dep_matrices]]
* [[sv/major_opcode_allocation]]
* [[sv/byteswap]]
* [[sv/16_bit_compressed]] experimental
* [[sv/toc_data_pointer]] experimental
* [[sv/predication]] discussion on predication concepts
* [[sv/register_type_tags]]
* [[sv/mv.x]] deprecated in favour of Indexed REMAP

Additional links:

* <https://www.sigarch.org/simd-instructions-considered-harmful/>
* [[sv/vector_isa_comparison]] - a list of Packed SIMD, GPU,
  and other Scalable Vector ISAs
* [[simple_v_extension]] old (deprecated) version
* [[openpower/sv/llvm]]