[libreriscv.git] / pinmux / pinmux_chennai_2018.tex

\documentclass[slidestop]{beamer}
\usepackage{beamerthemesplit}
\usepackage{graphics}
\usepackage{pstricks}

\title{Pin Multiplexer}
\author{Rishabh Jain}
\author{Luke Kenneth Casson Leighton}


\begin{document}

\frame{
   \begin{center}
    \huge{Pin Multiplexer}\\
    \vspace{32pt}
    \Large{Auto-generating documentation, code \\
                        and resources for a Pinmux}\\
    \vspace{16pt}
    \Large{Saving time and money for SoC / EC designers\\
                    in the RISC-V Ecosystem and beyond}\\
    \vspace{24pt}
    \Large{[proposed for] Chennai 9th RISC-V Workshop}\\
    \vspace{16pt}
    \large{\today}
  \end{center}
}


\frame{\frametitle{Credits and Acknowledgements}

 \begin{itemize}
   \item TODO\vspace{10pt}
  \end{itemize}
}


\frame{\frametitle{Glossary}

 \begin{itemize}
   \item GPIO: general-purpose reconfigureable I/O (Input/Output).
   \item Pin: an I/O pad.  May be driven (input) or may drive (output).
   \item FN: term for a single-wire "function", such as UART\_TX,
             I2C\_SDA, SDMMC\_D0 etc.  may be an input, output or both
                 (bi-directional case: two wires are {\it always} allocated, one
                  for input to the function and one for output from the function).
   \item Bus: a group of bi-directional functions (SDMMC D0 to D3)
         where the direction is ganged and {\it under the Bus's control}
   \item Input Priority Muxer: a multiplexer with N selector
                 wires and N associated inputs.  The lowest (highest?) indexed
                 "selector" enabled results in its 
                 input being routed to the output.
   \item Output Muxer: a many-to-one "redirector" where any one
             input is "routed" to the output, based on a selector "address".
  \end{itemize}
}


\frame{\frametitle{Why, How and What is a Pinmux?}

 \begin{itemize}
   \item Why? To save cost, increase yield, and to target multiple
         markets with the same design, thereby increasing uptake
         and consequently taking advantage of volume pricing.\vspace{4pt}
         \\
         Summary: it's all about making more money!\vspace{4pt}
   \item How? By multiplexing many more functions (100 to 1,200) than there
         are actual available pins (48 to 500), the required chip package
             is far less costly and the chip more desirable\vspace{4pt}
   \item What? A many-to-many dynamically-configureable router of
         I/O functions to I/O pins
  \end{itemize}
  \bf{Note: actual muxing is deceptively simple, but like a DRAM cell
      it's actually about the extras (routing, docs, specs etc).\\
           Just as DRAM Cell != DDR3/4, Muxer Cell != Pinmux}
}


\frame{\frametitle{What options are available (at time of writing)? [1]}

 \vspace{6pt}
 {\bf Commercial licensed}:
 \vspace{4pt}
 \begin{itemize}
   \item Cost: unknown.
   \item Flexibility: unknown.
   \item Language: unknown.
   \item Capability for auto-generation of Docs: unknown.
   \item Capability for auto-generation of ancillary resources: unknown.
   \item Suitability for wide range of systems: unknown.
             \vspace{4pt}
   \item Suitability for saving RISC-V ecosystem money: {\bf NONE }
   \item Suitability for collaboration: {\bf ZERO} (i.e. don't bother)
  \end{itemize}
  \vspace{6pt}
  Commercial licensees are isolated and cut off from the benefits
  and resources of the Libre world.  Translation: USD \$200k+ NREs.
}


\frame{\frametitle{What options are available (at time of writing)? [2]}

 \vspace{6pt}
 {\bf SiFive IOF (Freedom E310, Unleashed U540)}:
 \vspace{4pt}
 \begin{itemize}
   \item License: Good!
   \item Flexibility: not so good.
   \item Language: chisel3.
   \item Capability for auto-generation of Docs: none.  
   \item Capability for auto-generation of ancillary resources: partial.
   \item Suitability for wide range of systems: not so good.
             \vspace{4pt}
   \item Suitability for saving RISC-V ecosystem money: {\bf Low }\\
   \item Suitability for collaboration: {\bf GOOD} (but: written in Chisel3)
  \end{itemize}
  \vspace{6pt}
  Using SiFive IOF has Libre benefits, but it's incomplete and
  harder to find Chisel3 programmers (than e.g. for python).
}


\frame{\frametitle{What options are available (at time of writing)? [3]}

  \vspace{10pt}
  \begin{center}
    {\Huge 
                   None.  No suitable\vspace{20pt}\\
                   Libre-licensed\vspace{20pt}\\
                   pinmux exists\vspace{20pt}
        }
        \\
        (which is really weird, given how there's so many libre UART, 
        SPI and other peripheral libraries, even libre-licensed PCIe and
        SATA PHYs and even USB3 Pipe, hence the reason for this initiative)
  \end{center}

}


\frame{\frametitle{Associated Extras}

 \begin{itemize}
   \item Design Specification (what markets to target)
   \item Scenario analysis ({\bf whether} the chip will fit "markets")
   \item Documentation: Summary sheet, Technical Reference Manual.
   \item Test suites
   \item Control Interface (AXI4 / Wishbone / TileLink / other)
   \item Simulation
   \item Linux kernel drivers, DTB, libopencm3, Arduino libraries etc.
  \end{itemize}
 Example context:
 \begin{itemize}
   \item Shakti M-Class has 160 pins with a 99.5\% full 4-way mux
   \item Almost 640-way routing, 6 "scenarios" (7th TBD),
         100+ page Manual needed,
         \bf{17,500 lines of auto-generated code}
  \end{itemize}
}


\frame{
  \vspace{30pt}
  \begin{center}
    {\Huge 
                   ALL of these\vspace{20pt}\\
                   can be\vspace{20pt}\\
                   auto-generated\vspace{30pt}
        }
        \\
        (from the Design Specification, after Scenario Analysis)
  \end{center}
  
}


\frame{\frametitle{Example: 7 banks, 4-way mux, 160 pins}
 \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[height=1.5in]{example_pinmux.jpg}\\
    7 "banks" with separate VCC. Each no more than 32 bits
 \end{center}
 \begin{itemize}
   \item { \bf 17,500 lines of auto-generated HDL (and climbing)}
   \item { \bf 12,500 lines of auto-generated Summary/Analysis}
   \item Technical Reference Manual expected to be 100+ pages
 \end{itemize}
}


\frame{\frametitle{Reduce workload, reduce duplication, reduce risk and cost}

 \begin{itemize}
   \item Auto-generate everything: documentation, code, libraries etc.
             \vspace{10pt}
   \item Standardise: similar to PLIC, propose GPIO and Pinmux\\
             saves engineering effort, design effort and much more
             \vspace{10pt}
   \item Standardise format of configuration registers:
             saves code duplication effort (multiple software environments)
                 \vspace{10pt}
   \item Add support for multiple code formats: Chisel3 (SiFive IOF),
             BSV (Bluespec), Verilog, VHDL, MyHDL.
                 \vspace{10pt}
   \item Multiple auto-generated code-formats permits cross-validation:\\
             auto-generated test suite in one HDL can validate a muxer
             generated for a different target HDL.
                 \vspace{10pt}
  \end{itemize}
}


\frame{\frametitle{Design Spec and Scenario Analysis}

 \begin{itemize}
   \item Analyse the target markets (scenarios) that the chip will sell in\\
             (multiple markets increases sales volume, reduces chip cost)
             \vspace{4pt}
   \item Scenarios represent target markets: ICs to be connected\\
         (GPS, NAND IC, WIFI etc.  May require prototype schematics
         drawn up, or client-supplied schematics analysed).
                 \vspace{4pt}
   \item Create a formal (python-based) specification for the pinmux
             \vspace{4pt}
   \item Add scenarios (in python), check that they meet requirements\\
             { \bf (before spending money on hardware engineers!) }
             \vspace{4pt}
   \item Analyse the scenarios: if pins are missing, alter and repeat.\\
                 \vspace{4pt}
   \item Eventually the pinmux meets all requirements...\\
             { \bf without spending USD \$5-50m to find out it doesn't!}
  \end{itemize}
}



\frame{\frametitle{Muxer cases to handle (One/Many to One/Many) etc.}

 \begin{itemize}
   \item One FN outputs to Many Pins: no problem\\
             (weird configuration by end-user, but no damage to ASIC)
   \item One Pin to Many FN inputs: no problem\\
         (weird configuration by end-user, but no damage to ASIC)
   \item Many Pins to One FN input: {\bf Priority Mux needed}\\
             No priority mux: Pin1 = HI, Pin0 = LO, ASIC is damaged
   \item Many FN outputs simultaneously to one Pin: {\bf does not occur}\\
             (not desirable and not possible, as part of the pinmux design)
   \item Some FNs (I2C\_SDA, SD\_D0..3) are I/O Buses\\
             Bi-directional control of the Pin must be handed to the
             FN
   \item Nice to have: Bus sets pintype, signal strength etc.\\
             e.g. selecting SD/MMC doesn't need manual pin-config.\\
             \bf{caveat: get that wrong and the ASIC can't be sold}
  \end{itemize}
}


\frame{\frametitle{Pin Configuration, input and output}

 In/out: {\bf Note: these all require multiplexing }
 \begin{itemize}
   \item Output-Enable (aka Input disable): switches pad to In or Out
   \item Output (actually an input wire controlling pin's level, HI/LO)
   \item Input (actually an output wire set based on pin's driven level)
 \end{itemize}
 Characteristics: {\bf Note: these do not require multiplexing }
 \begin{itemize}
   \item Output current level: 10mA / 20mA / 30mA / 40mA
   \item Input hysteresis: low / middle / high. Stops signal noise
   \item Pin characteristics: CMOS Push-Push / Open-Drain
   \item Pull-up enable: built-in 10k (50k?) resistor
   \item Pull-down enable: built-in 10k (50k?) resistor
   \item Muxing and IRQ Edge-detection not part of the I/O pin
   \item Other? (impedance? not normally part of commercial pinmux)
  \end{itemize}
}


\frame{\frametitle{Standard GPIO 4-way in/out Mux and I/O pad}
 \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[height=2.5in]{../shakti/m_class/mygpiomux.jpg}\\
  {\bf 4-in, 4-out, pullup/down, hysteresis, edge-detection (EINT)}
 \end{center}
}

\frame{\frametitle{Separating Pin Configuration, input and output}

 \begin{itemize}
   \item Standard Mux design {\bf cannot deal with many-to-one inputs}\\
             (SiFive IOF source code from Freedom U310 cannot, either)
             \vspace{4pt}
   \item I/O pad configuration conflated with In-Muxer conflated with
                 Out-Muxer conflated with GPIO conflated with EINT.
                     \vspace{4pt}
 \end{itemize}
   {\bf IMPORTANT to separate all of these out:
                     \vspace{4pt}}
 \begin{itemize}
   \item EINTs to be totally separate FNs. managed by RISC-V PLIC\\
         (If every GPIO was an EINT it would mean 100+ IRQs)
                     \vspace{4pt}
   \item GPIO In/Out/Direction treated just like any other FN\\
             (but happen to have AXI4 - or other - memory-mapping)
                     \vspace{4pt}
   \item Pad configuration separated and given one-to-one Registers\\
             (SRAMs set by AXI4 to control mux, pullup, current etc.)
 \end{itemize}
}

\frame{\frametitle{Register-to-pad "control" settings}
 \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[height=2.5in]{reg_gpio_cap_ctrl.jpg}\\
  {\bf pullup/down, hysteresis, current, edge-detection}
 \end{center}
}


\frame{\frametitle{GPIO (only): Simplified I/O pad Diagram (FN only)}
 \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[height=2.5in]{reg_gpio_pinblock.jpg}\\
  {\bf 3 wires: IN, OUT, OUTEN (also = !INEN) }
 \end{center}
}


\frame{\frametitle{Output Muxer (very simple)}
 \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[height=1.1in]{reg_gpio_out_mux.jpg}\\
  {\bf Ouput Muxer using 2-bit address selection}\\
 \end{center}
 \begin{itemize}
   \item Very straightforward (deceptively so, like SRAM cells)
   \item Used in both OUT routing and Direction-control routing\\
             (same address for each, connected to same FNs)
   \item More complex pinmux will have 3-bit addressing (8 FNs)\\
                 (Note: not all outputs will be connected, depends on pinmux)
 \end{itemize}
}


\frame{\frametitle{In/Out muxing, direction control: GPIO just a FN}
 \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[height=2.5in]{reg_gpio_fn_ctrl.jpg}\\
  {\bf Note: function can control I/O direction (bus)}
 \end{center}
}


\frame{\frametitle{Direction Control: Function not bi-directional (bus)}
 \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[height=2.5in]{reg_gpio_fn_ctrl2.jpg}\\
  Note: Function {\bf does not} control I/O direction
 \end{center}
}


\frame{\frametitle{Output (and OUTEN) Wiring. 2 pins, 2 GPIO, 2 Fns}
 \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[height=2.5in]{reg_gpio_out_wiring.jpg}\\
  {\bf Reg0 for Pin0, Reg1 for Pin1, Output and OUTEN same mux }
 \end{center}
}


\frame{\frametitle{Input Selection and Priority Muxing}
 \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[height=0.75in]{reg_gpio_comparator.jpg}\\
  {\bf Muxer enables input selection}\\
  \vspace{10pt}
  \includegraphics[height=1.25in]{reg_gpio_in_prioritymux.jpg}\\
  {\bf However multiple inputs must be prioritised }
 \end{center}
}


\frame{\frametitle{Input Priority-Mux Wiring: very different from Out-Mux}
 \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[height=2.5in]{reg_gpio_in_wiring.jpg}\\
  {\bf Pin Mux selection vals NOT same as FN selection vals}
 \end{center}
}


\frame{\frametitle{Input Priority-Mux Wiring}

 \begin{itemize}
   \item In-Muxer selection number (0,1,2,3) obviously has to match
         with Out-Muxer order (otherwise a bi-directional FN
         needs different Mux-register settings for
          selecting either IN or OUT)
             \vspace{6pt}
   \item Priority-mux selection values do not actually matter,
         and have nothing to do with the actual Muxer settings.
             \vspace{6pt}
   \item GPIO FN's input muxer is nothing more than an AND gate\\
         (you never route more than one pin to one GPIO)
             \vspace{6pt}
   \item Any other FN with only 1:1 on its IN also just an AND gate \\
             (this just always happens to be true for GPIO)
             \vspace{6pt}
   \item Not all FNs have input capability: clearly they will not
             be included in the In-Muxing. 
  \end{itemize}
}


\frame{\frametitle{Summary}

 \begin{itemize}
   \item Value of Libre/Open pimux dramatically underestimated\\
             (and does not presently exist: SiFive's IOF not suitable as-is)\\
             {\bf Only current option: license a commercial Pinmux }
   \item Actual muxing (like SRAM cells) is deceptively simple
   \item Actual pinmuxes are enormous: auto-generation essential
   \item HDLs completely unsuited to auto-generation task\\
             (TRM, docs): {\bf Modern OO language needed i.e. python}
   \item Scenario Analysis / Verification and auto-generation of
             different HDLs far easier in a Modern OO language\\
             (better libraries, more developers)
   \item Standardisation for RISC-V saves implementors from huge
             duplication cost (HDL, firmware, docs, maintenance)
   \item { \bf Ultimately it's about saving money and reducing risk }
  \end{itemize}
}


\frame{
  \begin{center}
    {\Huge The end\vspace{20pt}\\
                   Thank you\vspace{20pt}\\
                   Questions?\vspace{20pt}
        }
  \end{center}
  
  \begin{itemize}
        \item http://libre-riscv.org/shakti/m\_class/pinmux/
  \end{itemize}
}


\end{document}